| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Austenite | 奧氏體 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (such as nickel austenite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. Solid solution of alloying elements and/or carbon in γ-Fe. It is named after British metallurgist W. C. Roberts-Austen. 一種或多種元素在面心立方鐵中的固溶體。除非另有說明（如鎳奧氏體），溶質通常假定為碳。合金元素和/或碳在γ-Fe中的固溶體。它以英國冶金學家WCRoberts-Austen的名字命名。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸試驗（拉力試驗） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一種試驗，在這種試驗中，精密加工的拉伸試樣（拉伸試件）的橫截面通常為圓形或矩形，具有在試驗機中夾緊的大端部，受到越來越大的拉伸載荷，通常達到斷裂點，以產生應力-應變曲線，從中可以看出彈性模量、比例極限等材料特性，可以確定驗證應力、屈服點和極限拉伸應力。相關標準為ISO 6892-1。 |
| Stress cycles endured (N) | 承受的應力循環（N） |
The number of cycles of a specified character (that produce fluctuating stress and strain) that a specimen has endured at any time in its stress history. 試樣在其應力歷史中任何時間所經受的特定特征（產生波動應力和應變）的循環次數。 |
| Scuffing | 擦傷 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘著磨損的一種形式，在摩擦表面上產生表面劃痕或高度拋光。通常在潤滑不足的零件上觀察到。 |
| Head height | 頭部高度 |
The head height shall be that overall distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the top of the head to the bearing surface and shall include the thickness of the washer face. Raised grade and manufacturer’s identification are excluded from head height. 頭部高度應為平行于產品軸線從封頭頂部到支承面測量的總距離，并應包括墊圈表面的厚度。提升等級和制造商標識不包括在頭部高度中。 |
| Noble metals | 貴金屬 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金屬元素，即釕、銠、鈀、銀、鋨、銥、鉑和金。它們抗腐蝕和氧化，用于電觸點、薄膜電路和電鍍。用于珠寶的金、銀和鉑也被稱為貴金屬。它們具有面心立方晶體結構和良好的延展性。 |
| Oxidative wear | 氧化磨損 |
A type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces, resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates. 由兩個金屬部件之間的滑動作用導致的一種磨損，在金屬表面上產生氧化膜。這些氧化膜防止在滑動表面之間形成金屬結合，導致細磨屑和低磨損率。 |
| Pitch diameter | 中徑 |
For screw threads, the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the surface of which would pass through the threads at such points that would make the width of the groove and width of the land equal to one half the pitch. 對于螺紋，指一個假想圓柱體的直徑，其表面將在使凹槽寬度和焊盤寬度等于螺距一半的點穿過螺紋。 |
| Acoustic droplet ejection | 聲液滴噴射 |
The ejection of small droplets from the surface of a liquid that results from focusing high-intensity ultrasound near the surface. 由于在表面附近聚焦高強度超聲波而從液體表面噴射出小液滴。 |
| Strain energy | 應變能 |
A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain diagram. 通過測量應力-應變圖下的面積確定的材料能量吸收特性的度量。 |
| Brake lining | 制動襯片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在內膨脹制動器中覆蓋制動的可更換摩擦材料。 |
| Induction heating | 感應加熱 |
Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to the varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current. 通過將金屬置于承載交流電的線圈周圍的變化磁場中而引起的電阻和磁滯損耗的組合加熱。 |
| International System of Units | 國際單位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred. （國際單位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美國除外，在科學和工程中幾乎是普遍使用的標準單位制。SI的最終參考是國際度量衡局出版的小冊子，通常稱為BIPM SI小冊子。有七個基本單位：米（符號m）表示長度；質量為千克（kg）；物質量的摩爾（mol）；時間為秒；開爾文（K）表示溫度；電流為安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示發光強度。新的國際單位制定義于2019年5月20日生效，該定義基于自然界的普遍常數（也稱為基本物理常數：阿伏伽德羅常數、玻爾茲曼常數和普朗克常數）。這些常數的值也進行了少量調整。除了基本單位外，還有22個相干導出單位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立體角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、頻率的赫茲（Hz）、力的牛頓（N）、壓力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和熱量的焦耳（J）以及功率和輻射通量的瓦特（W）。建議的做法是避免N/mm2、MN/m2等組合。 |
| Verification | 檢驗 |
Checking or testing an instrument to ensure conformance with a specification. 檢查或測試儀器以確保符合規范。 |
| Air compressor | 空氣壓縮機 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一種渦輪機，它吸入空氣并以更高的壓力、溫度和密度輸送空氣。它可以是軸流式、風扇式、往復式或旋轉式設計。 |
| Torque converter | 變矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的渦輪機，由葉輪、渦輪機和反作用構件組成。應用包括機動車變速器。 |
| Two-stage compressor | 兩級壓縮機 |
A machine in which gas is compressed from low pressure toan intermediate pressure in a low-pressure cylinder, and then to final pressure in a highpressure cylinder. Efficiency is improved if the two cylinders are separated by an intercooler. 一種機器，其中氣體在低壓氣缸中從低壓壓縮到中壓，然后在高壓氣缸中壓縮到最終壓力。如果兩個氣缸由中冷器分離，則效率提高。 |
| Inspection gauge | 檢驗規 |
Any of various gauges used in manufacturing and quality control to check dimensions, finish, etc. 任何用于制造和質量控制的各種量規，以檢查尺寸、光潔度等。 |
| Face | 表平面 |
To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. 在車床上加工一個垂直于旋轉軸的平面。 |
| Ductile cast iron | 球墨鑄鐵 |
A cast iron that has been treated while molten with an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. Also known as nodular cast iron, spherulitic graphite cast iron and SG iron. 一種鑄鐵，在熔融時用鎂或鈰等元素進行處理，以誘導游離石墨形成為球粒或球晶，從而賦予鑄造金屬可測量的延展性。又稱球墨鑄鐵、球晶石墨鑄鐵和SG鑄鐵。 |
| Ultrasonic extensometer | 超聲波伸長計 |
An electronic instrument which measures the change in length of a fastener ultrasonically as, or before and after, the fastener is tightened. 一種電子儀器，可在緊固件擰緊時或前后通過超聲波測量緊固件長度的變化。 |
| Modulus of elasticity (E) | 彈性模量（E） |
The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal; the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. 金屬的剛度或剛度的量度；低于比例極限的應力與相應應變之比。根據應力應變圖，彈性模量是應力應變曲線在應力應變線性比例范圍內的斜率。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 貝氏體硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化處理主要導致貝氏體的形成。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 徑向負荷（單位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋轉體中產生的離心載荷。2.（貫穿壁厚載荷）由封閉容器的內部或外部加壓產生的載荷的徑向分量。還存在軸向和環向載荷。 |
| Electrode | 電極 |
The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 電池或腐蝕電池中釋放電子（陽極）或吸引電子（陰極）的兩個金屬體。 |
| Transfer ratio | 傳輸比 |
(transfer constant) A complex variable representing the ratio between the output of a transducer and the input causing that output. （傳遞常數）一個復變量，表示傳感器輸出與產生該輸出的輸入之間的比率。 |
| Taper key | 楔鍵 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 邊平行但橫截面沿其長度逐漸變細的鍵。 |
| Forging | 鍛造處理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 將生鋼制成特定形狀的過程。鍛造產品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夾和障礙銷。 1. 一種通過手工或機器錘擊金屬（落鍛、壓力機）制造部件的方法。2.通過鍛造工藝制成的零件。 |
| Relaxed stress | 松弛應力 |
The initial stress minus the remaining stress at a given time during a stress-relaxation test. 在應力松弛試驗期間，初始應力減去給定時間的剩余應力。 |
| Axial load (Unit N) | 軸向載荷（單位N） |
In general, a tensile or compressive load directed along the axis of a component. Strictly the load should pass through the centroid of the cross section to avoid inducing bending moments and be perpendicular to the plane of the section. 通常，沿部件的軸定向的拉伸或壓縮載荷。嚴格來說，載荷應通過橫截面的質心以避免產生彎矩并垂直于橫截面。 |
| Frequency | 頻率 |
(temporal frequency, f) (Unit Hz) The number of cycles per second in an oscillation or the repetition rate for a cyclic process. （時間頻率，f）（單位Hz）振蕩中每秒的周期數或循環過程的重復率。 |
| Starting valve (regulator) | 起動閥（調節器） |
A valve which admits steam from the boiler to the cylinder(s) of a steam engine. 將蒸汽從鍋爐送入蒸汽機汽缸的閥門。 |
| Resistance factor | 阻力系數 |
Probabilistic factor representing the uncertainties in the designer’s estimate of the strength of a shear joint. Used in Load and resistance factor design. 概率系數，表示設計人員對剪切接頭強度估計的不確定性。用于載荷和阻力系數設計。 |
| Volume (Unit m3) | 體積（單位m3） |
The amount of space occupied by a specified mass of substance or by an object. 一定質量的物質或物體占據的空間量。 |
| Balance piston | 平衡活塞 |
(balance drum, dummy piston) A disc attached to the shaft of a turbine or compressor, to one side of which high or low pressure is applied to counteract the axial thrust produced by the pressure change across the machine. A form of thrust bearing. （平衡鼓，假活塞）連接在渦輪機或壓縮機軸上的圓盤，在其一側施加高壓或低壓，以抵消機器壓力變化產生的軸向推力。推力軸承的一種形式。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金屬元素和合金的原子、晶體學、微觀結構、機械和物理特性及其應用。 |
| Rpm (N) | 轉速（N） |
An abbreviation for revolutions per minute. It is a widely used non-SI unit for rotational speed. The corresponding angular velocity ω in rad/s is given by πN/30. Rps (revolutions per second) is also used, the angular velocity then being 2πN. 每分鐘轉數的縮寫。它是一種廣泛使用的轉速非SI單位。相應的角速度ω，單位為rad/s，由πN/30給出。還使用Rps（每秒轉數），此時角速度為2πN。 |
| Austenitic grain size | 奧氏體晶粒尺寸 |
The size attained by the grains of steel when heated to the austenitic region; may be revealed by appropriate etching of cross sections after cooling to room temperature. 當加熱到奧氏體區域時鋼晶粒達到的尺寸；冷卻至室溫后，可通過適當蝕刻橫截面來顯示。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氫致延遲開裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有時用于識別一種氫脆形式的術語，其中金屬在小于屈服應力的穩定應力下似乎會自發斷裂。在施加應力（或將受應力金屬暴露于氫）與開裂開始之間通常存在延遲。也稱為靜態疲勞。 |
| Screw jack | 螺旋千斤頂 |
A lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. Rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一種起重裝置（千斤頂），由螺母和方形螺紋軸組成，其頂部為承重墊。螺母的旋轉可升高或降低襯墊。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德羅常數 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol?1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德羅數，NA）一個固定數值為6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常數?摩爾正好包含這個數量的基本實體。對阿伏伽德羅常數值的微小調整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Screw area (Unit m2) | 螺絲面積（單位m2） |
The area of a circle described by the tips of a propeller. 螺旋槳尖端所描述的圓的面積。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次應力（單位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 與主要荷載引起的應力不同，但主要荷載產生的應力；例如，桶裝壓縮試件和鍛件周圍產生的環向應力。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛頓內摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 兩個平行流體層之間的剪切應力與其中一層相對于另一層的速度成正比，與它們之間的距離成反比。比例常數是動態粘度μ。對于牛頓流體，μ與壓力梯度、剪切應力和應變無關，但可能隨溫度和壓力而變化。 |
| Air cleaner | 空氣凈化器 |
A device, such as a filter, hydrocyclone, or electrostatic precipitator, that removes particles and aerosols from a flow of air. 一種設備，例如過濾器、水力旋流器或靜電除塵器，用于從氣流中去除顆粒和氣溶膠。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸線 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程圖上的一條線，上面有一個數字，表示特征的長度，通常以毫米為單位。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通過在油中以低于水淬的冷卻速率淬火合適的鋼，在回火前形成馬氏體，從而降低部件斷裂或嚴重殘余應力的可能性。是一種淬火硬化處理，包括在油中冷卻。 |
| Electroplating | 電鍍 |
Deposition of one metal on to another using electrolysis. The metal to be plated forms the cathode in an electrolytic cell, and the metal to be deposited forms the anode. 使用電解將一種金屬沉積到另一種金屬上。待鍍金屬形成電解池中的陰極，待沉積金屬形成陽極。 |
| Venturi | 文丘里管 |
A convergent–divergent flow nozzle, usually circular in cross section, with a relatively short convergent section (the confuser) upstream of a throat followed by a gradually diverging section (the diffuser). Such nozzles usually have flanges at either end for installation in a pipeline. Applications include flow meters and ejectors. When a fluid flows through a convergent duct at subsonic speed, there is an increase in velocity accompanied by a decrease in pressure (Venturi effect). 收斂-發散流噴嘴，橫截面通常為圓形，喉部上游具有相對較短的收斂段（擾流器），然后是逐漸發散段（擴散器）。這種噴嘴通常在兩端都有法蘭，以便安裝在管道中。應用包括流量計和噴射器。當流體以亞音速流過收斂管道時，速度增加，壓力降低（文丘里效應）。 |
| Dynamics | 動力學 |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力學中研究運動物體的分支。它的兩個主要分支是運動學和動力學，前者研究運動而不考慮其原因，后者也考慮引起運動的力。 |
| Corrosion | 腐蝕 |
The deterioration of an exposed metal surface due to electrochemical oxidation with its surroundings. In the oxidation reaction, metal atoms give up electrons which are transferred to form another chemical species by a reduction reaction, usually with hydrogen and/or oxygen. A common example is the formation of the iron oxide rust Fe(OH)3 on iron or steel in moist air or water. Rust breaks away easily, exposing fresh iron to the atmosphere, whereas the corrosion product of some metals forms an adherent layer that prevents further oxidation reaction at fresh metal, an effect known as passivation. Examples include aluminium oxide on aluminium, chromium oxide on chromium, chromium oxide on alloys containing chromium such as stainless steels, and the patina formed on copper and zinc. Corrosion protection takes many forms. Good design to avoid crevices and stress is important. In some situations, substances known as inhibitors may be added to the environment to decrease its corrosiveness. The electrochemical nature of corrosion results in some metals having a greater tendency for oxidation than others. Zinc has a stronger tendency than iron and this is made use of in galvanizing. This is one example of cathodic protection, in which one metal is connected electrically to a more reactive metal, called a sacrificial anode, that oxidizes by giving up electrons and so protects the first metal. Coatings may be used to resist corrosion. Paints, plating, and diffusion coatings are the most common and the electrochemical process of anodizing is used to deliberately form a passive layer of oxide on aluminium alloys. Material selection plays a major role. For example, stainless steels with their high chromium content are widely used in corrosive environments. 暴露的金屬表面由于與周圍環境的電化學氧化而劣化。在氧化反應中，金屬原子放棄電子，這些電子通過還原反應（通常與氫和/或氧）轉移形成另一種化學物質。一個常見的例子是在潮濕的空氣或水中在鐵或鋼上形成氧化鐵銹Fe(OH)3。鐵銹很容易脫落，將新鮮鐵暴露在大氣中，而一些金屬的腐蝕產物形成一層粘附層，防止新鮮金屬發生進一步的氧化反應，這種效果稱為鈍化。實例包括鋁上的氧化鋁、鉻上的氧化鉻、含鉻合金上的氧化鉻如不銹鋼，以及銅和鋅上形成的銅綠。腐蝕防護有多種形式。避免裂縫和應力的良好設計非常重要。在某些情況下，可以向環境中添加稱為抑制劑的物質，以降低其腐蝕性。腐蝕的電化學性質導致一些金屬比其他金屬具有更大的氧化傾向。鋅比鐵具有更強的傾向性，這可用于鍍鋅。這是陰極保護的一個例子，其中一種金屬與活性更強的金屬（稱為犧牲陽極）電連接，犧牲陽極通過釋放電子進行氧化，從而保護第一種金屬。涂層可用于抗腐蝕。油漆、電鍍和擴散涂層是最常見的，陽極氧化的電化學過程用于有意在鋁合金上形成一層鈍化氧化物。材料選擇起著重要作用。例如，鉻含量高的不銹鋼廣泛用于腐蝕性環境。 |
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂紋尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂紋塑性變形的影響，物理裂紋尺寸增大。有時，根據物理裂紋尺寸的測量值加上塑性區調整的計算值來計算有效裂紋尺寸。計算有效裂紋尺寸的首選方法是將載荷-撓度軌跡正割的柔度與試樣類型校準的彈性柔度進行比較。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非熱變化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在沒有熱波動的情況下進行的反應；也就是說，不需要熱激活。相反，在恒溫下發生的反應是等溫轉變。在這種情況下，熱活化是必要的，并且反應作為時間的函數進行。 |
| Compression | 壓縮 |
1. Loading, the principal effect of which is to squeeze and shorten a component or testpiece. 2. The reduction in volume and increase in density of a substance as a consequence of increased pressure. 1.加載，其主要作用是擠壓和縮短部件或試件。2.壓力增加導致物質體積減少和密度增加。 |
| Clevis | U形夾 |
A U-shaped hook with holes at the ends through which a retaining bolt or pin (clevis pin) passes. 一種U形鉤，末端有孔，固定螺栓或銷（U形銷）穿過這些孔。 |
| Coherent structure | 相干結構 |
A term given to the larger eddies of turbulent shear flow, such as boundary layers, jets, and wakes, that show distinctive correlated patterns of motion. 一個術語，用于表示湍流剪切流的較大渦流，例如邊界層、射流和尾流，它們顯示出獨特的相關運動模式。 |
| Nut splitter | 螺母分離器 |
A tool for removing rusted-on and corroded nuts from bolts. It consists of a stiff steel ring that is placed around the nut. A screw thread passing through the ring bears diametrically on a wedged-shape tip that indents and cuts though a face of the nut. 從螺栓上去除銹蝕螺母的工具。它由一個圍繞螺母放置的剛性鋼環組成。穿過環的螺紋徑向支撐在楔形尖端上，該尖端凹陷并穿過螺母的表面。 |
| Available resource | 可用資源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （總資源）（單位J）理論上可從可再生能源（例如海浪、風或總入射太陽能）獲得的年度總能量。 |
| U-tube | U型管 |
A device consisting of two vertical tubes connected at either the top or bottom by a length of tubing such that a U-shape is formed. 由兩個垂直管組成的裝置，在頂部或底部通過一段管子連接，形成U形。 |
| Captive nut | 松脫螺母 |
A nut attached loosely or rigidly to a sheet member that is too thin to thread and which engages with a cap screw. 松脫地或剛性地連接到薄板構件上的螺母，該螺母太薄而無法擰入，并與帶帽螺釘接合。 |
| Blue annealing | 藍色退火 |
Heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental. 在開放式爐中將熱軋鐵板加熱到轉變范圍內的溫度，然后在空氣中冷卻，以軟化金屬。在表面上形成藍色氧化物是偶然的。 |
| Wrinkling | 起皺 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金屬板深沖過程中，在法蘭邊緣和拉深半徑之間的金屬區域內獲得的波浪狀狀態。當設置不平衡壓縮力時，在其他成形操作中也可能發生起皺。 |
| Clip gauge | 夾規 |
A displacement gauge consisting of two thin strain-gauged cantilever arms attached through knife edges to a testpiece to give the load–line displacement in fracture mechanics test pieces, or used as an extensometer in tensile tests. 一種位移計，由兩個通過刀刃連接到試件上的薄應變測量懸臂組成，以提供斷裂力學試件中的載荷線位移，或用作拉伸試驗中的引伸計。 |
| Diagonal pitch (Unit m) | 對角線間距（單位米） |
The distance, when components in an assembly are staggered, between the position of a component in one row or column and the position of the corresponding component in the next row or column. The term is applied to rivets, turbine or compressor blades in a cascade, vortex generators on the surface of a wing, etc. 當部件中的零部件交錯時，一行或一列中零部件的位置與下一行或下一列中相應零部件的位置之間的距離。該術語適用于鉚釘、葉柵中的渦輪或壓縮機葉片、機翼表面的渦流發生器等。 |
| Maximum material condition | 最大材料條件 |
(maximum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the upper limit for all toleranced external dimensions, and to the lower limit for all internal dimensions. （最大金屬條件）制造部件的體積對應于所有公差外部尺寸的上限和所有內部尺寸的下限的情況。 |
| Fillet radius | 圓角半徑 |
Concave junction at two intersecting surfaces of a fastener. Often used to describe the junction between the head and the? shank of a threaded fastener (under head fillet). 在緊固件的兩個相交表面處的凹形接合處。通常用于描述螺紋緊固件的頭部和柄部之間的連接處（頭部圓角下方）。 |
| Pneumatic control valve | 氣動控制閥 |
(pneumatic valve) A valve in which the position of the valve stem, which varies the open area, is determined by the net force generated by compressed air acting on a diaphragm operating against the force of a compression spring. Depending upon the arrangement of the spring, in the event of air-supply failure, the valve may open or close. （氣動閥）一種閥門，其中閥桿的位置隨開口面積的變化而變化，由壓縮空氣作用在隔膜上產生的凈力決定，隔膜克服壓縮彈簧的力進行操作。根據彈簧的布置，在供氣故障的情況下，閥門可以打開或關閉。 |
| Pressure storage tank | 壓力貯存器 |
(pressure vessel) A closed container for storing gases or volatile liquids, such as liquefied gases, at pressures significantly above atmospheric pressure. Such tanks are commonly cylindrical with domed ends, spherical, spheroidal, torispherical or hemispherical. （壓力容器）密閉容器：在大氣壓以上的壓力下儲存氣體或揮發性液體，如液化氣體的密閉容器。此類貯存器通常為圓柱形，具有半球形端部、球形、球面或半球形。 |
| Compressibility (Unit 1/Pa) | 可壓縮性（單位1/Pa） |
A measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. It is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. Liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 當物質受到壓力增加時體積減少或密度增加的量度。它被定義為體積模量的倒數。液體和固體通常被認為是不可壓縮的，而氣體是高度可壓縮的。 |
| Relative humidity (?) | 相對濕度（ψ） |
The ratio or percentage of the actual mass of moisture in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the maximum possible mass of moisture at the same temperature. 給定溫度下給定體積空氣中的實際水分質量與相同溫度下的最大可能水分質量的比率或百分比。 |
| Dynamic recovery | 動態恢復 |
A process occurring in hot working of metals in which a fine subgrain structure forms within the elongated grains due to annihilation of dislocations due to easy cross slip and climb. It results in a lowering of the flow stress. Dynamic recovery, as opposed to dynamic recrystallization that occurs in hot working, occurs in metals of high stacking fault energy such as aluminum, αiron, and most bcc metals. 金屬熱加工中發生的一種過程，由于易于交叉滑動和攀爬，位錯湮滅，細長晶粒內形成細亞晶粒結構。這導致流動應力降低。與熱加工中發生的動態再結晶相反，動態回復發生在高層錯能金屬中，如鋁、α鐵和大多數bcc金屬。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化學元素性質的最小物質單位。原子的最簡單描述（玻爾模型）是由一個或多個軌道電子包圍的致密原子核。 |
| Blue brittleness | 藍色脆性 |
Anomalous loss of ductility when quenched steels are tempered in the range 250–350°C (temperatures that produce blue tints on the surface of components). Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of about 205 to 370 °C (400 to 700 °F), particularly if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature. Killed steels are virtually free of this kind of brittleness. 當淬火鋼在250–350°C范圍內回火（在部件表面產生藍色色調的溫度）時，延展性異常損失。某些鋼在加熱到約205至370°C（400至700°F）范圍內的某個溫度后表現出脆性，特別是在高溫下加工鋼時。鎮靜鋼幾乎沒有這種脆性。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬質合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 難熔金屬碳化物（如碳化鎢）在金屬基體粘結劑（如鈷、鎳或鐵）中的燒結混合物。它們具有高熔點、韌性、抗壓強度和耐磨性。應用包括用于砂輪和紙張、切削工具、鉆頭、拉絲模和圓珠筆尖。當應用于機床時，有時稱為硬金屬。 |
| Continuous-type furnace | 連續式爐 |
A furnace used for heat treating materials that progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being discharged from another. See belt furnac, direct-fired tunnel-type furnac, rotary retort furnace, shaker-hearth furnace. 一種用于熱處理材料的爐子，該爐子連續通過爐子，進入一個門并從另一個門排出。參見帶式高爐、直燃隧道式高爐、旋轉罐式爐、振動爐。 |
| Waste-heat recovery | 廢熱回收 |
The recovery of thermal energy from flue and exhaust gases, or from liquids heated in industrial processes. Recovery devices include pre-heaters, recuperators, regenerators, and waste-heat boilers. 從煙道和廢氣中或從工業過程中加熱的液體中回收熱能。回收裝置包括預熱器、回熱器、再生器和余熱鍋爐。 |
| Constant life diagram | 恒定壽命圖 |
A plot of experimentally derived fatigue-life data; perhaps the most complex and complete of the popular charts used to represent such data. 實驗得出的疲勞壽命數據圖；可能是用于表示此類數據的最復雜和最完整的流行圖表。 |
| Flange | 法蘭 |
Flange refers to a head style for bolts where there is a circular ‘flange’ under the head that acts like a washer to distribute a load. A flange is a projected flat rim or collar. 1. Annular rims at the ends of pipes (flanged pipe) or shafts by which they may be coupled together using bolts that pass through holes in the flanges (flange coupling, flange union), or by toggle clamps around the periphery. 2. An extended rim on a wheel that positions it laterally on a track. Commonly used for railway rolling stock. 3. The top and bottom parts of an I-beam. 法蘭是指螺栓的頭部樣式，其中頭部下方有一個圓形“法蘭”，其作用類似于墊圈以分配載荷。凸緣是凸出的平輪輞或凸緣。1.管道（法蘭管）或軸端部的環形邊緣，通過這些邊緣，可以使用穿過法蘭孔的螺栓（法蘭聯軸器、法蘭接頭）或通過周邊的肘節夾將管道連接在一起。2.車輪上的延伸輪輞，將其橫向定位在軌道上。通常用于鐵路車輛。3.工字梁的頂部和底部。 |
| Twist | 扭轉 |
The helix produced in a cylindrical component, such as a shaft, wire, tensioned cable, or rope, when one end is rotated relative to the other. Measured either as the number of turns per unit length, or by the helix angle (twist angle). 當一端相對于另一端旋轉時，在圓柱形部件（如軸、鋼絲、張緊電纜或繩索）中產生的螺旋。以每單位長度的圈數或螺旋角（扭曲角）測量。 |
| Cone clutch | 錐形離合器 |
A friction clutch in which an internal cone moves axially in or out of engagement with an external cone. One or both surfaces is lined with high-friction material. 一種摩擦離合器，其中內錐與外錐軸向嚙合或脫離嚙合。一個或兩個表面襯有高摩擦材料。 |
| Wrought iron | 鍛鐵 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一種高韌性（但各向異性）的鐵，含有細長的礦渣纖維，由生鐵中多余的碳燃燒和加工的制造方法產生。屈服強度約為200MPa，抗拉強度為320MPa，50mm標距上的面積縮減率高達35%。現在被鋼所取代。 |
| Intergranular fracture | 沿晶破裂 |
Brittle fracture of a metal in which the fracture is between the grains, or crystals, that form the metal. Also called intercrystalline fracture. 金屬的脆性斷裂，斷裂位于形成金屬的晶粒或晶體之間。又稱晶間破裂。 |
| Stress amplitude | 應力幅值 |
One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle of a repetitively varying stress. 重復變化應力的一個循環中最大和最小應力之間代數差的一半。 |
| Heat balance (heat budget) | 熱平衡（熱預算） |
An energy balance involving only heat transfer across the system boundary and the stored energy. 僅涉及跨系統邊界的熱傳遞和存儲能量的能量平衡。 |
| Absorptance | 吸收率 |
(absorptivity, absorption coefficient, α) The fraction of radiant flux incident on a surface that is absorbed by the surface. The term also applies to absorption of radiation by a volume of fluid. For a semi-transparent surface, α + ρ + τ = 1, where ρ is the reflectance and τ is the transmittance. （吸收率，吸收系數，α）入射到表面的輻射通量被表面吸收的部分。該術語也適用于一定體積的流體對輻射的吸收。對于半透明表面，α+ρ+τ=1，其中ρ是反射率，τ是透射率。 |
| Nonlinear behavior | 非線性行為 |
A fastener or joint system is said to exhibit nonlinear behavior when the relationship between the External load on the joint and deformation of the parts is nonlinear, or when the relationship between increasing Preload and deformation is nonlinear. 當接頭上的外部載荷與零件變形之間的關系是非線性的，或者當增加的預載荷與變形之間的聯系是非線性的時，可以說緊固件或接頭系統表現出非線性行為。 |
| Bar | 巴（氣壓單位） |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105?Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of?€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0oC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4oC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一種廣泛使用的（非SI）壓力單位，大約等于海平面上的正常大氣壓。轉換為SI為1bar=105Pa。壓力單位——0oC時75.006厘米高的水銀柱或4oC時約33.45英尺水柱產生的壓力。它等于105帕斯卡。標準大氣壓（海平面）為1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Salt-velocity meter | 鹽速計 |
A volume flow meter based on detecting the transit time for a small quantity of salt or radioactive isotope in a flow by measuring electrical conductivity or radiation level. 一種體積流量計，通過測量電導率或輻射水平來檢測流量中少量鹽或放射性同位素的渡越時間。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水頭（單位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力發電系統中，水輪機入口上方供水水庫中水位垂直高度之間的差減去由于通向渦輪機的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水頭損失。 |
| Vapour | 蒸氣 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 溫度低于臨界點的物質的類氣相。蒸汽可以通過增加壓力或降低溫度冷凝成液體或固體。 |
| Isothermal annealing | 等溫退火 |
Austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then cooling to and holding at a temperature at which austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite carbide aggregate. 將鐵合金奧氏體化，然后冷卻至奧氏體轉變為相對軟的鐵素體碳化物集合體的溫度并保持該溫度。 |
| Fibreglass | 玻璃纖維 |
Fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 當緊固件應無腐蝕性、低導電性或對電磁波透明時，玻璃纖維用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| Condenser vacuum | 冷凝器真空 |
The sub-atmospheric pressure imposed on the condenser of a steam-power plant which leads to an appreciable increase in overall efficiency. 施加在蒸汽發電廠冷凝器上的低于大氣壓的壓力導致整體效率顯著提高。 |
| Load ratio, R | 負載比R |
In fatigue, the algebraic ratio of the minimum to maximum load in a fatigue cycle, that is, R = Pmin/Pmax. Also known as stress ratio. 在疲勞中，疲勞循環中最小載荷與最大載荷的代數比，即 R= Pmin/Pmax。也稱為應力比。 |
| Fracture surface | 斷裂面 |
The irregular surface produced when a piece of metal is broken. 一塊金屬破碎時產生的不規則表面。 |
| Balance weight | 平衡器 |
A corrective mass used in the static or dynamic balancing of a rotating object. 用于旋轉物體的靜態或動態平衡的校正質量。 |
| Superheating | 過熱 |
Heating above the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation should occur without actually obtaining the transformation. 在不實際獲得相變的情況下，加熱到應發生平衡相變的溫度以上。 |
| Absorber | 吸收器 |
1. An auxiliary vibratory system that favourably modifies the vibration characteristics of a main system. 2. Part of an absorption refrigeration system in which the refrigerant is absorbed by a transport medium. 3. The absorber plate is the receiver of a concentrating solar collector where the radiation is absorbed. 1.一種輔助振動系統，可有利地改變主系統的振動特性。2.吸收式制冷系統的一部分，其中制冷劑被傳輸介質吸收。3.吸收板是吸收輻射的聚光太陽能集熱器的接收器。 |
| Effective discharge area (Unit m2) | 有效排放面積（單位m2） |
A nominal area for flow through a pressure relief valve used to determine the valve’s flow capacity given the pressure difference across it, the fluid density and correction factors to allow for compressibility, the back pressure and the coefficient of discharge. 流經泄壓閥的標稱面積，用于確定閥門的流量，給定壓力差、流體密度和允許可壓縮性的校正因子、背壓和排放系數。 |
| Salt bath heat treatment | 鹽浴熱處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a bath of molten salt. 在熔融鹽浴中進行的熱處理。 |
| Turbocharging | 渦輪增壓 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一種增壓方法，其中活塞發動機的熱廢氣用于驅動渦輪，渦輪為增壓壓縮機提供動力。渦輪增壓器是渦輪/壓縮機組合。壓縮機通常為徑向流出設計，而徑向、軸向和混流式渦輪機都在使用。廢氣旁通閥是一種減少進入渦輪的廢氣流量以限制產生的增壓或超速的閥。 |
| Spring load (Unit N) | 彈簧載荷（單位：N） |
A load exerted on a component by bending, compressing, extending, or twisting an attached spring. Mechanical energy stored in the spring can be released if any constraints on the component are removed. 通過彎曲、壓縮、延伸或扭轉連接的彈簧而施加在部件上的載荷。如果部件上的任何約束被移除，則可以釋放彈簧中存儲的機械能。 |
| Materials science | 材料科學 |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金屬、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、復合材料、生物材料和半導體等固體物質的特性、行為和應用，涵蓋從原子到宏觀的所有范圍。起源于冶金學。 |
| Degree (°) | 度數（°） |
A measure of plane angle such that 1° is 1/360 of a complete revolution and equal to π/180 rad. 平面角度的一種度量，使得1°是一整圈的1/360，等于π/180弧度。 |
| Final annealing | 最終退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal given to a nonferrous alloy prior to shipment. 一個不精確的術語，用于表示有色金屬合金在裝運前的最后一次退火。 |
| Heat treatment | 熱處理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （熱處理）材料，特別是金屬的機械性能的改變，通過不同的加熱順序、溫度保持和不同速率的冷卻。加熱和冷卻固體金屬或合金，以獲得所需的條件或性能。僅用于熱加工的加熱不屬于本定義的含義。 |
| Square | 正方 |
1. A regular quadrilateral, i.e. a polygon with four equal sides and four right angles. 2. An instrument to check angles of internal and external surfaces and flatness. 1.正四邊形，即具有四條等邊和四個直角的多邊形。2.一種檢查內外表面角度和平面度的儀器。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段時效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分為兩個或兩個以上的溫度時效，按順序并在每個步驟后冷卻至室溫。 |
| Batch furnace | 間歇式爐 |
A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Batch-type furnaces are necessary for large parts such as heavy forgings and are preferred for complex alloy grades requiring long cycles. 用于一次熱處理單個負載的爐子。對于重型鍛件等大型零件，間歇式爐是必需的，對于需要長周期的復雜合金牌號來說是首選。 |
| Dislocation density | 位錯密度 |
The total length of dislocation lines per unit volume, or the number of dislocation lines that cut through a unit cross-sectional area. 每單位體積的位錯線的總長度，或穿過單位橫截面積的位錯線的數量。 |
| Cleavage | 分裂 |
The tendency of a material to cleave or split along definite crystallographic planes. 材料沿特定晶面劈裂或分裂的趨勢。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服點延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不連續屈服期間，從屈服開始到應變硬化開始測量的應變量。 |
| DIN | DIN |
Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German Institute for Standardization. Deutsches Institut für Normung，德國標準化研究所。 |
| Push rod | 推桿 |
A rod which opens and closes a valve via a valve rocker in an overhead-valve piston engine. The rod is actuated by a camshaft located in the crankcase. 在頂置氣門活塞發動機中，通過氣門搖臂打開和關閉氣門的桿。連桿由曲軸箱中的凸輪軸驅動。 |
| Effective radius of nut, bolt head, or threads | 螺母、螺栓頭或螺紋的有效半徑 |
Distance between the geometric center of the part and the circle of points through which the resultant contact forces between mating parts passes. Must be determined by integration. 零件幾何中心與配合零件之間的合力通過的點圓之間的距離。必須通過積分來確定。 |
| Knoop hardness test | 努氏硬度試驗 |
An indentation-hardness test using calibrated machines to force a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles, under specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test and to measure the long diagonal after removal of the load. An indentation hardness test in which the indenter is an elongated diamond pyramid that gives an impression in the form of a parallelogram, in which the longer diagonal is about seven times the shorter. Used for studies of anisotropy in solid materials. 使用校準機器進行的一種壓痕硬度試驗，在規定條件下，將具有規定邊緣角的菱形棱錐金剛石壓頭壓入受試材料表面，并在移除荷載后測量長對角線。其中壓頭是一個細長的菱形棱錐，以平行四邊形的形式給出壓痕，其中較長的對角線約為較短的七倍。用于研究固體材料的各向異性。 |
| Thermal analysis | 熱分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一種通過記錄發生熱阻的溫度來確定金屬轉變的方法。這些阻力表現為繪制或機械追蹤的加熱和冷卻曲線斜率的變化。當這些數據在加熱和冷卻的近似平衡條件下得到保證時，該方法通常用于確定構建平衡圖所需的某些臨界溫度。 |
| Degrees of freedom | 自由度 |
The number of independent variables (such as temperature, pressure, or concentration within the phases present) that may be altered at will without causing a phase change in an alloy system at equilibrium; or the number of such variables that must be fixed arbitrarily to define the system completely. 可以隨意改變而不引起平衡時合金系統相變的自變量的數量（例如存在的相內的溫度、壓力或濃度）；或必須任意固定以完全定義系統的此類變量的數量。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性開裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的溫度下暴露于濃氫氧化物溶液中的碳鋼或鐵鉻鎳合金中最常遇到的一種應力腐蝕開裂形式。也稱為堿脆。 |
| Stress difference (Unit Pa) | 應力差（單位Pa） |
The algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. For σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 ? σ3). 載荷體中最大和最小主應力之間的代數差，等于系統中最大剪應力的兩倍。由（σ1? σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| Q-factor | 品質因素 |
(quality factor, sharpness of resonance) A non-dimensional parameter that describes, for a given resonant mode, the sharpness of the peak in the frequency response of a lightly-damped linear oscillator: Q = ωRES/Δω where ωRES?is the resonance frequency and Δω is the half-power bandwidth of the resonance. It is inversely related to the damping such that a broad peak corresponds to high damping and a narrow peak to low damping. （品質因數，共振尖銳度）一個無量綱參數，用于描述給定共振模式下，輕阻尼線性振蕩器頻率響應峰值的尖銳度：Q=ωRES/Δω，其中ωRES是共振頻率，Δω是共振的半功率帶寬。它與阻尼成反比，因此寬峰值對應于高阻尼，窄峰值對應于低阻尼。 |
| Velocity ratio | 速度比 |
1. The ratio between the input velocity to a machine, train of gears, etc. and the output velocity. 2. The ratio between the displacement of an applied force at one part of a mechanism and the movement of the load at a different part. 1.機器、齒輪系等的輸入速度與輸出速度之間的比率。2.在機構的一個部分處施加的力的位移與在不同部分處的載荷的移動之間的比率。 |
| Impact energy (Unit J) | 沖擊能量（單位J） |
The amount of energy required to fracture a material, usually measured by means of an Izod test or Charpy test.The type of specimen and test conditions affect the values and therefore should be specified. 1. The sum of the kinetic energies of all the bodies involved at the instant of collision of two or more moving bodies. 2. The energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test. 使材料斷裂所需的能量，通常通過懸臂梁式試驗或夏比試驗測量。試樣類型和試驗條件會影響數值，因此應加以說明。1.兩個或多個運動物體碰撞瞬間所有物體的動能之和。2.夏比或懸臂沖擊試驗中斷裂試樣所需的能量。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通過適當的處理增加硬度，通常包括加熱和冷卻。適用時，應使用以下更具體的術語：時效硬化、火焰硬化、感應硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Radial flow | 徑向流 |
radial flow Fluid flow for which the principal direction of flow is either radially inward or radially outward relative to an axial direction. 徑向流動流體流動的主要方向是徑向向內或徑向向外流動。 |
| Waviness | 波紋度 |
Waviness is periodic deviations from geometric surface, often sinusoidal in form and often determined by low-level oscillations of the machine-tool-workpiece system during machining. Typically, wavelengths range from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 in.) and wave heights from a few to several hundred micrometers. 波紋度是與幾何表面的周期性偏差，其形式通常是正弦的，通常由機床-工件系統在加工過程中的低水平振蕩決定。通常，波長范圍為1至10毫米（0.04至0.4英寸），波高范圍為幾微米至幾百微米。 |
| Centre of pressure | 壓力中心 |
1. The location, on an aerofoil or other body that develops lift, of the resultant lift force. 2. The location, on a surface submerged in a liquid, of the resultant force due to the pressure acting on the surface. Because hydrostatic pressure increases with depth, the centre of pressure is generally below the centroid of the surface. 1.在產生升力的機翼或其他物體上，合成升力的位置。2.在浸沒在液體中的表面上，由于作用在表面上的壓力而產生的合力的位置。由于靜水壓力隨深度增加，壓力中心通常低于表面質心。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一種形式，帶有內脊鋼套筒，用于安裝螺母或螺栓或螺釘的頭部。 |
| Degradation of energy | 能源退化 |
Conversion of energy into forms of lower usefulness due to irreversibilities in energy transfer and conversion processes. The increase in entropy can be regarded as a measure of the degradation of energy. 由于能量轉移和轉換過程中的不可逆性，將能量轉換為低效形式。熵的增加可以看作是能量退化的量度。 |
| Torsional angle (?) | 扭轉角（ψ） |
(Unit ° or rad) The angular deflexion between two locations on a straight bar subjected to a torque. （單位為°或rad）受扭矩作用的直桿上兩個位置之間的角偏轉。 |
| Absorption | 吸收 |
The process whereby a fluid permeates a porous solid, or a gas is dissolved by a liquid. 流體滲透多孔固體或氣體被液體溶解的過程。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 維氏硬度測試 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金剛石棱錐壓頭（維氏硬度計）和可變載荷的壓痕硬度測試，能夠對從極軟鉛到碳化鎢的所有硬度范圍使用一個硬度標度。也稱為鉆石金字塔硬度測試。 |
| Carbon steels | 碳鋼 |
(plain carbon steels) Steels in which carbon is the principal alloying element, and the amount of manganese does not exceed 1.65% and the copper and silicon contents are less than 0.60%. There are three main types: low-carbon steels (0.08–0.35% carbon); medium-carbon steels (0.35–0.50% carbon); and high-carbon steels (0.50–2.0% carbon). （普通碳鋼）以碳為主要合金元素，錳含量不超過1.65%，銅和硅含量低于0.60%的鋼。主要有三種類型：低碳鋼（0.08-0.35%碳）；中碳鋼（0.35–0.50%碳）；和高碳鋼（0.50–2.0%碳）。 |
| Crack-extension resistance (KR) | 抗裂擴展性（KR） |
A measure of the resistance of a material to crack extension, expressed in terms of the stress-intensity factor, the crack-extension force, or values of Jderived using the J-integral concept. 材料對裂紋擴展的抵抗力的量度，以應力強度因子、裂紋擴展力或使用J積分概念導出的J值表示。 |
| Mechanical properties of solid materials | 固體材料的力學性能 |
The strength and stiffness properties of solid materials such as fracture toughness, the moduli of elasticity, percent elongation, 固體材料的強度和剛度特性，例如斷裂韌性、彈性模量、伸長率、 |
| Initial stress | 初始應力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在應力松弛發生之前，在應力松弛試驗中達到給定的恒定應變條件時，試樣立即應變所產生的應力。有時稱為瞬時壓力。 |
| Bearing failure | 軸承故障 |
A failure that occurs in a riveted or bolted joint when the transverse load divided by the bearing area results in a stress that leads to permanent plastic deformation. 當橫向載荷除以承載面積產生導致永久塑性變形的應力時，鉚接或螺栓連接中發生的失效。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全閥（安全泄壓閥） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根據法律安裝在所有壓力容器（如蒸汽鍋爐）上的機械閥，其打開以防止內部壓力超過該容器的最大設計值。一旦壓力降至安全水平，閥門將再次關閉。 |
| Turning angle (θ) | 轉向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 氣流通過斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨脹風機時所經歷的方向變化。 |
| Sample average | 樣本平均值 |
The sum of all the observed values in a sample divided by the sample size. It is a point estimate of the population mean. Also known as arithmetic mean. 樣本中所有觀察值的總和除以樣本大小。它是總體平均值的點估計。也稱為算術平均值。 |
| Tracking problem | 跟蹤問題 |
A control problem where the set point changes with time and thus the plant output must follow the changing set point. The opposite of a regulator problem. 一種控制問題，其中設定值隨時間變化，因此設備輸出必須遵循變化的設定值。與調節器問題相反。 |
| Microscopic stresses | 微觀應力 |
Residual stresses that vary from tension to compression in a distance (presumably approximating the grain size) that is small compared with the gage length in ordinary strain measurements. They are not detectable by dissection methods, but can sometimes be measured from line shift or line broadening in an x-ray diffraction pattern. 與普通應變測量中的標距相比，從拉伸到壓縮的距離（大概接近晶粒尺寸）較小的殘余應力。它們無法通過解剖方法檢測到，但有時可以通過x射線衍射圖案中的線位移或線加寬來測量。 |
| Minimum material condition | 最小材料條件 |
(minimum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金屬條件）制造部件的體積對應于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有內部尺寸的上限的情況。 |
| Spherical washer | 球面墊圈 |
A washer whose upper surface is semispherical. Used with a nut whose contact face is also semispherical. Reduces bending stress in a bolt or stud, by allowing some self-alignment and some compensation for nonparallel joint surfaces or Angularity. 上表面為半球形的墊圈。與接觸面也是半球形的螺母一起使用。減少螺栓或螺柱中的彎曲應力，允許一些自對準，并對不平行的接頭表面或角度進行一些補償。 |
| Crankshaft | 曲軸 |
The main shaft, of which the cranks are a part, of a reciprocating single-or multi-cylinder machine. Crankshafts may be built up in sections or forged as a single component. In an engine, the reciprocating motion of the pistons transmits power to the crankshaft and causes it to rotate, whereas in a pump the crankshaft is driven and its rotation causes the pistons to reciprocate. 曲柄是往復式單缸或多缸機器主軸的一部分。曲軸可以分段組裝或作為單個部件鍛造。在發動機中，活塞的往復運動將動力傳遞給曲軸并使其旋轉，而在泵中，曲軸被驅動，其旋轉使活塞往復運動。 |
| Load | 負載 |
For testing machines, a force applied to a test piece that is measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force. 對于試驗機，施加在試件上的力，以磅力、牛頓或千克力等單位測量。 |
| Pressure-relief valve | 減壓閥 |
A valve that limits the maximum pressure in a pressure vessel or fluid-power system to a specified level. 將壓力容器或流體動力系統中的最大壓力限制在規定水平的閥門。 |
| Box annealing | 箱式退火 |
Annealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. In box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called close annealing or pot annealing. 在使氧化最小化的條件下，在密封容器中對金屬或合金進行退火。在對鐵合金進行箱式退火時，通常將裝料緩慢加熱至低于轉變范圍的溫度，但有時會高于或低于轉變范圍，然后緩慢冷卻；這個過程也稱為緊密退火或罐式退火。 |
| Volume flow rate | 體積流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m3/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （體積流量）（單位m3/s）單位時間內流經表面或管道或其他管道的材料體積，通常為流體或粉末。 |
| Transverse direction | 橫向 |
Literally, the “across” direction, usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the direction through the thickness, short transverse. 從字面上看，“橫穿”方向，通常表示與工作方向垂直的方向或平面。在軋制鋼板或薄板中，橫跨寬度的方向通常稱為長橫向，穿過厚度的方向稱為短橫向。 |
| Refractory materials | 耐火材料 |
Metals or ceramics that do not melt when exposed to temperature above about 1 500°C or deteriorate rapidly in a continuous temperature above about 550°C. 當暴露于高于約1500°C的溫度時不熔化或在高于約550°C的連續溫度下快速劣化的金屬或陶瓷。 |
| Shoulder screw | 軸肩螺釘 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一種具有兩個或兩個以上直徑或軸肩的螺釘，通常用于支撐杠桿和其他必須自由操作的機器部件。 |
| Uniaxial strain | 單軸應變 |
Increase (or decrease) in length resulting from a stress acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen. 由平行于試樣縱軸的應力引起的長度增加（或減少）。 |
| Acceleration-error constant | 加速度誤差常數 |
When the reference (demand) input to a control system is parabolic, the output signal will also be parabolic in steady state. The signal that is constant in this situation is the acceleration and thus for a parabolic input the steady-state error, referred to as the acceleration-error constant, is the error in the acceleration. 當控制系統的參考（需求）輸入是拋物線時，輸出信號在穩定狀態下也將是拋物線。在這種情況下恒定的信號是加速度，因此對于拋物線輸入，稱為加速度誤差常數的穩態誤差是加速度中的誤差。 |
| Wind velocity (Unit m/s) | 風速（單位：m/s） |
1. In the Earth’s atmosphere, a vector quantity that quantifies both the magnitude of the wind speed and its direction at a given altitude and location, conveniently represented in the hodograph plane. For convenience, the unit kph is often used. It could in principle also include information about large- and small-scale unsteadiness. Spatial variation in wind velocity, either with altitude or in a horizontal plane, is termed wind shear. 2. The airspeed in the working section of a wind tunnel. 1.在地球大氣層中，一種矢量量，用于量化給定高度和位置處的風速大小及其方向，方便地用速度計平面表示。為方便起見，通常使用單位kph。原則上，它還可以包括關于大尺度和小尺度不穩定性的信息。風速隨高度或水平面的空間變化稱為風切變。2.風洞工作段的空速。 |
| Elastic calibration device | 彈性校準裝置 |
A device for use in verifying the load readings of a testing machine consisting of an elastic member(s) to which loads may be applied, combined with a mechanism or device for indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the magnitude) of deformation under load. 一種用于驗證試驗機載荷讀數的裝置，由可施加載荷的彈性構件組成，與指示載荷下變形量（或與該量成比例的量）的機構或裝置相結合。 |
| Temperature (Unit K or °C) | 溫度（單位K或°C） |
A quantitative measure of the molecular kinetic energy of a substance and so how hot or cold it is. 物質分子動能的定量量度，以及它的冷熱程度。 |
| Taper | 變尖 |
A gradual, often linear, reduction in cross section or shape. A shaft or hole that gets gradually smaller toward one end. 橫截面或形狀的逐漸減小，通常是線性的。一端逐漸變小的軸或孔。 |
| Cast steel | 鑄鋼 |
Steel that is cast into shapes. It has superior properties to most cast irons, but is more expensive to produce. 鑄成形狀的鋼。與大多數鑄鐵相比，它具有優越的性能，但生產成本更高。 |
| Induction tempering | 感應回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 鋼的回火采用低頻電感應加熱。 |
| British thermal unit (BTU, Btu) | 英熱單位（BTU，Btu） |
An obsolete (non-SI) imperial unit of energy defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water at 68°F by 1°F. The conversion to SI is 1 Btu = 1.055 056 × 103?J. 一種已被淘汰的（非SI）英制能量單位，定義為將68°F的一磅純水的溫度升高1°F所需的能量。轉換為SI為1Btu=1.055056×103J。 |
| Wave spring | 波形彈簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一種壓縮彈簧，類似于螺旋彈簧，但由沿圓周成波浪形的條狀物制成。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕銷 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 從曲柄上伸出的一個螺柱，作為連接桿的附件。鍛造合金最初鑄造，然后通過擠壓、鍛造或軋制等工藝成形為最終形狀的金屬合金。 |
| Wind tunnel | 風洞 |
A duct in which a controlled flow of air is used for testing and research. Types include blow down, closed circuit, open return, and open section. Closed-circuit tunnels may be pressurized or evacuated. The working section is usually situated immediately downstream of the flow-conditioning elements, which may include a plenum chamber, honeycomb, screens, turbulence grids, and a contraction. Immediately downstream there is usually a diffuser. For basic research the usual requirement is for uniform steady flow in the working section with low swirl and turbulence intensity. For some applications the flow may be density stratified, sheared, unsteady, or of high turbulence intensity. 用于測試和研究的可控氣流管道。類型包括排污、閉路、開路回路和開路段。閉路隧道可加壓或排空。工作段通常位于流量調節元件的下游，可包括增壓室、蜂窩、濾網、湍流格柵和收縮管。緊靠下游通常有一個擴散器。對于基礎研究，通常的要求是在低渦流和湍流強度的工作段中實現均勻穩定流動。對于某些應用，流動可能是密度分層、剪切、不穩定或高湍流強度。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反躍式硬度試驗 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校準儀器的動態壓痕硬度測試，該儀器將金剛石錘從固定高度落在被測材料表面上。錘的回彈高度是材料硬度的一種度量。也稱為肖氏硬度測試。 |
| Major diameter | 螺紋大徑 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder that just touches the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread. 在直螺紋上，僅接觸外螺紋頂部或內螺紋根部的假想圓柱體的直徑。 |
| Dynamic compressor | 動態壓縮器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一種機器，例如離心式或軸流式壓縮機，通過旋轉而不是往復運動來壓縮氣體。 |
| Ablation cooling | 燒蝕冷卻 |
The cooling of a surface exposed to very high external gas temperature which causes the surface material to sublime, melt or decompose. The chemical process absorbs heat while the mass flow of material away from the surface blocks the heat flux from the hot gas. 冷卻暴露于非常高的外部氣體溫度的表面，導致表面材料升華、熔化或分解。化學過程吸收熱量，而遠離表面的物質的質量流阻擋了來自熱氣體的熱通量。 |
| Wind pressure (Unit Pa) | 風壓（單位Pa） |
The dynamic pressure associated with the wind. The static pressure of the wind is the atmospheric pressure. 與風相關的動態壓力。風的靜壓是大氣壓。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 熱電動勢 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 當一個結處于不同于另一個結的溫度時，在含有兩種不同金屬的電路中產生的電動勢。 |
| Bolt length | 螺栓長度 |
The bolt length shall be the distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the bearing surface of the head to the extreme end of the bolt including point. 螺栓長度應為平行于產品軸線測量的從頭部的支承面到包括點在內的螺栓末端的距離。 |
| Beta annealing | β退火 |
Producing a beta phase by heating certain titanium alloys in the temperature range of which this phase forms followed by cooling at an appropriate rate to prevent its decomposition. 通過在形成β相的溫度范圍內加熱某些鈦合金，然后以適當的速率冷卻以防止其分解，從而產生β相。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉脹材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比為負的人造材料，其橫截面在受到縱向拉應力時會膨脹，在受到縱向壓應力時會收縮。 |
| Wear | 磨損 |
Damage to a solid surface, generally involving progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between that surface and a contacting surface or substance. The deterioration of a component or structure with time and usage, often impairing the function for which it was designed, owing to abrasion, corrosion, fatigue, friction, etc. during relative motion of parts. The wear factor (K), with unit mm3/N.m, is an empirical dimensional factor that quantifies surface wear due to mechanical frictional contact, and defined by K = /Fs where is the worn volume (in mm3), F is the contact load (in N), and s is the sliding distance (in m). 由于固體表面與接觸表面或物質之間的相對運動，對固體表面的損壞，通常涉及材料的漸進損失。部件或結構隨時間和使用而劣化，通常由于部件相對運動過程中的磨損、腐蝕、疲勞、摩擦等而損害其設計功能。磨損系數（K），單位為mm3/N.m、 是量化機械摩擦接觸導致的表面磨損的經驗尺寸因子，由K=/Fs定義，其中是磨損體積（單位：mm3），F是接觸載荷（單位：N），s是滑動距離（單位：m）。 |
| Microhardness | 顯微硬度 |
The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients such as those encountered in case hardening. 通過在非常輕的載荷下將壓頭（如維氏或努氏壓頭）壓入材料表面來確定的材料硬度；通常壓痕很小，必須用顯微鏡測量。能夠確定結構內不同微組分的硬度，或測量陡峭的硬度梯度，如表面硬化中遇到的硬度梯度。 |
| U-bolt | U型螺栓 |
A rod threaded at both ends and bent into a U-shape. It is used for clamping. An externally threaded fastener bent in the shape of the letter U and with both ends threaded. 兩端有螺紋并彎曲成U形的桿。用于夾緊。一種外螺紋緊固件，彎曲成字母U的形狀，兩端帶有螺紋。 |
| Sinter (sintering) | 燒結 |
A solid-state diffusion densification process for the production of objects, particularly porous objects, from raw material in powder, granular, mesh, perforatedsheet, or fibre form by heating to a temperature below the melting point until the constituents bond together. It is used for ceramic materials and metals. Applications of sintered materials include filtration, separation, flow control, fluidization, and noise reduction. The bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization. 一種固態擴散致密化工藝，用于從粉末、粒狀、網狀、穿孔片或纖維形式的原材料中生產物體，尤其是多孔物體，方法是加熱至低于熔點的溫度，直到成分結合在一起。它用于陶瓷材料和金屬。燒結材料的應用包括過濾、分離、流量控制、流化和降噪。在低于材料中任何成分熔化溫度的高溫下加熱時，通過分子或原子引力將大量顆粒的相鄰表面結合起來。燒結增強了粉末質量，通常會產生致密化，在粉末金屬中還會產生再結晶。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大應力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在應力循環中具有最高代數值的應力，拉應力被認為是正的，壓應力被認為是負的。名義應力是最常用的。 |
| Strain rate | 應變率 |
The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain as measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for determining strain rate. Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain rate are reciprocal time. 通常拉伸試驗的應變時間速率。直接在試樣標距上測量的應變用于確定應變率。因為應變是無因次的，所以應變率的單位是倒數時間。 |
| Stabilizing treatment | 穩定化處理 |
(1) Before finishing to final dimensions, repeatedly heating a ferrous or nonferrous part to or slightly above its normal operating temperature and then cooling to room temperature to ensure dimensional stability in service. (2) Transforming retained austenite in quenched hardenable steels, usually by cold treatment. (3) Heating a solution-treated stabilized grade of austenitic stainless steel to 870 to 900 °C (1600 to 1650 °F) to precipitate all carbon as TiC, NbC, or TaC so that sensitization is avoided on subsequent exposure to elevated temperature. （1）在精加工至最終尺寸之前，反復加熱含鐵或非鐵零件至或略高于其正常工作溫度，然后冷卻至室溫，以確保使用中的尺寸穩定性。（2）在淬火可淬硬鋼中轉變殘余奧氏體，通常通過冷處理。（3）將固溶處理的穩定等級奧氏體不銹鋼加熱至870至900°C（1600至1650°F），使所有碳沉淀為TiC、NbC或TaC，從而避免在隨后暴露于高溫時敏化。 |
| Critical temperature ranges | 臨界溫度范圍 |
Synonymous with transformation ranges, which is the preferred term. 與轉換范圍同義，這是首選術語。 |
| Computed path control | 計算路徑控制 |
In CNC or robotics, the use of a control program to determine the required path for the tool or end effector. This required path forms the set points for the motor controllers moving the machine tool or robot. 在CNC或機器人技術中，使用控制程序來確定工具或末端執行器所需的路徑。這條所需的路徑形成了用于移動機床或機器人的電機控制器的設定點。 |
| Dew point analyzer | 露點分析儀 |
An atmosphere monitoring device that measures the partial pressure of water vapor in an atmosphere. 一種大氣監測裝置，用于測量大氣中水蒸氣的分壓。 |
| Galvanic protection | 電流保護 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide galvanic protection if it is more anodic than the fastener and will, therefore, be destroyed instead of the fastener. Zinc plate (galvanizing) provides galvanic protection to steel fasteners, for example. 如果緊固件上的涂層比緊固件更具陽極性，則據說它可以提供電流保護，將會因此被破壞而不是緊固。例如，鋅板（鍍鋅）為鋼緊固件提供電流保護。 |
| Compression wave | 壓縮波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨脹波）在流體或固體中，壓縮介質傳播的行波或波前。 |
| Pop rivet | 拉釘 |
A hollow rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一種空心鉚釘，使連接只能從組件的一側進行。 |
| Shear stress (Unit Pa) | 剪應力（單位Pa） |
(1) A stress that exists when parallel planes in metal crystals slide across each other. (2) The stress component tangential to the plane on which the forces act. Also known as tangential stress. (shearing stress, tangential stress, τ) 1. The stress which acts parallel to any plane within a solid material. It can arise due to a bending moment, a shear force, or torque applied to the body. 2. The stress corresponding to velocity gradients within a flowing viscous fluid. （剪應力，切向應力，τ）（1）當金屬晶體中的平行平面彼此滑動時存在的應力。（2）與力作用平面相切的應力分量。也稱為切向應力。1.平行于固體材料內任何平面的應力。它可能是由于施加在身體上的彎矩、剪力或扭矩引起的。2.對應于流動粘性流體內的速度梯度的應力。 |
| Eutectic | 共晶 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應，其中液體溶液在冷卻時轉化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數量與系統中組分的數量相同。（2）一種合金，其成分由平衡圖上的共晶點表示。（3）由共晶反應形成的混合固體成分的合金結構。 |
| Three-quarters hard | 四分之三硬度 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about midway between those of half hard and full hard tempers. 一種非鐵合金和一些鐵合金的回火，其特征是抗拉強度和硬度介于半硬回火和全硬回火之間。 |
| Ferritic stainless steels | 鐵素體不銹鋼 |
Ferritic stainless steels have the ferrite (BCC) crystal structure and contain 10–28% chromium and typically 0.1–0.35% carbon (all in wt%). They are magnetic and can be hardened by cold working. They have good to moderate mechanical properties, good oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, and susceptibility to embrittlement at temperatures between 400 and 540°C. Used for turbine parts, hightemperature valves, automotive exhaust components, and nuclear reactor core components. 鐵素體不銹鋼具有鐵素體（BCC）晶體結構，含有10-28%的鉻，通常含有0.1-0.35%的碳（均為重量%）。它們具有磁性，可通過冷加工硬化。它們具有良好至中等的機械性能，在高溫下具有良好的抗氧化性和耐腐蝕性，在400至540°C的溫度下易脆化。用于渦輪零件、高溫閥、汽車排氣部件和核反應堆堆芯部件。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗彎強度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 斷裂或斷裂時刻外層纖維的最大應力。 |
| Surface treatment | 表面處理 |
Any process, including chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal, designed to protect a surface against corrosion and wear or to alter its mechanical properties. 任何旨在保護表面免受腐蝕和磨損或改變其機械性能的工藝，包括化學、電化學、機械和熱處理。 |
| mechanical engineering | 機械工業 |
That branch of engineering concerned with energy conversion, stress analysis, vibration, dynamics, and kinematics, especially applied to design (machine design, mechanical-engineering design). 與能量轉換、應力分析、振動、動力學和運動學有關的工程分支，尤其適用于設計（機器設計、機械工程設計）。 |
| Carbonization | 碳化 |
Conversion of an organic substance into elemental carbon. 將有機物質轉化為元素碳。 |
| Flange rotation | 法蘭轉角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法蘭在螺栓和反作用力影響下的角度變形。相對于法蘭橫截面的中心測量。 |
| Set screw | 緊定螺釘（平頭螺釘、緊定螺栓） |
Usually a hardened steel screw having either no head or a square head and with various degrees of points or ends to lock or tighten adjustable machine parts in position on a shaft. A short, headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screwdriver or key, the other end being pointed, square, or otherwise shaped. Typically used to secure a pulley, gear, or other component on a shaft. 通常是一種硬化鋼螺釘，無頭或方頭，具有不同程度的點或端部，用于將可調機械部件鎖定或擰緊在軸上的適當位置。一端有凹槽，用來裝螺絲刀或鑰匙，另一端是尖的、方形的或其他形狀的。通常用于將皮帶輪、齒輪或其他部件固定在軸上。 |
| Altitude | 高度 |
(Unit m) Vertical height measured relative to a specified datum such as sea level. （單位m）相對于特定基準（例如海平面）測量的垂直高度。 |
| Stress equalizing | 應力均衡 |
A low-temperature heat treatment used to balance stresses in cold-worked material without an appreciable decrease in the mechanical strength produced by cold working. 一種低溫熱處理，用于平衡冷加工材料中的應力，而不會明顯降低冷加工產生的機械強度。 |
| Thread insert | 螺紋嵌件 |
(threaded bushing) Either a thin cylinder with an internal thread (and sometimes also an external thread) or a helical coil of wire, pressed or screwed into a hole to accept a bolt or screw. Used in material too soft or a component too thin to be threaded, to change one form of thread to another or to repair a damaged thread. （螺紋襯套）一種帶有內螺紋（有時也有外螺紋）的薄圓柱體或螺旋形線圈，壓入或擰入孔中以接受螺栓或螺釘。用于材料太軟或部件太薄而無法螺紋連接，用于將一種形式的螺紋更換為另一種形式或修復損壞的螺紋。 |
| Dynamic modulus | 動態模量 |
The ratio of stress to strain under cyclic conditions (calculated from data obtained from either free or forced vibration tests, in shear, compression, or tension). 循環條件下的應力與應變之比（根據在剪切、壓縮或拉伸中的自由或強制振動測試中獲得的數據計算得出）。 |
| Slant fracture | 傾斜裂縫 |
A type of fracture appearance, typical of plane-stress fractures, in which the plane of metal separation is inclined at an angle (usually about 45°) to the axis of the applied stress. 一種斷裂現象，典型的平面應力斷裂，其中金屬分離面與施加應力的軸成一定角度（通常約45°）傾斜。 |
| Wheel | 輪 |
A solid disc, or a circular ring with spokes radiating from a central hub, either attached to an axle around which it revolves or which revolves with a rotating axle. 一個實心圓盤，或一個帶有輻條的圓環，輻條從一個中心轂放射出來，或附在一個繞其旋轉的軸上，或與一個旋轉軸一起旋轉。 |
| Coarsening | 粗粒化 |
An increase in the grain size, usually, but not necessarily, by grain growth. 晶粒尺寸的增加，通常但不一定是晶粒變大。 |
| Screw thread | 螺紋 |
A ridge of uniform section or shape in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or internal surface of a cone. 在圓柱體的外表面或內表面上呈螺旋形或在圓錐體的外表面和內表面上以錐形螺旋形的均勻截面或形狀的脊。 |
| Abelian group | 阿貝爾群 |
Property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. In an Abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. If a and b are any two group elements and if the (+) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an Abelian group, 與二元運算相關的一組元素的屬性。在阿貝爾群中，群元素在二元運算下交換。如果a和b是任意兩個群元素并且（+）符號表示二元運算 |
| Standard fit | 標準匹配 |
The fit of a component machined or otherwise manufactured to standardized clearances and tolerances. 根據標準間隙和公差加工或以其他方式制造的部件的配合。 |
| Pressure recovery (Unit Pa) | 壓力恢復（單位Pa） |
The progressive increase in static pressure for unseparated flow through a diverging nozzle or diffuser. 通過發散噴嘴或擴散器的未分離流的靜壓逐漸增加。 |
| Rivet | 鉚釘 |
A short rod with a head on one end that is inserted through aligned holes in plates to be joined, after which a second head is made on the protruding shank by hammering or forming. The most common head shapes are flat, domed, and inverse conical. In an array, the rivet pitch is the distance between the centres of adjacent rivets. Failure may occur by different mechanisms or modes. A one piece fastener consisting of a head and a body and used for fastening two or more pieces together by passing the body through a hole in each piece and then forming a second head on the body end. It cannot be removed except by taking off the head. 一種一端有頭的短桿，插入待連接板上對齊的孔中，然后通過錘擊或成型在突出的桿身上制作第二個頭。最常見的頭部形狀是扁平、圓頂和倒錐形。在陣列中，鉚釘間距是相鄰鉚釘中心之間的距離。故障可能由不同的機制或模式發生。一種一體式緊固件，由頭部和主體組成，用于將兩個或多個部件緊固在一起，方法是將主體穿過每個部件上的孔，然后在主體端部形成第二個頭部。除非取下頭部，否則無法移除。 |
| Slot | 狹槽 |
A groove machined into a component, e.g. to allow for thermal expansion, or in which the tongue or tip of another component can fit or slide. 在部件上加工的凹槽，例如，允許熱膨脹，或另一部件的榫舌或尖端可在其中安裝或滑動。 |
| Blueing | 發藍 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 應用藍色染料（“工程師藍”）來識別接觸表面上的高點，或用于標記。 |
| Coated abrasive | 涂附磨具 |
An abrasive tool consisting of a flexible backing material, such as a woven cloth, paper or vulcanized fibre, a bond material, such as a glue or synthetic resin, and grit. 一種研磨工具，由柔性背襯材料（例如編織布、紙或硫化纖維）、粘合材料（例如膠水或合成樹脂）和砂礫組成。 |
| Thermodynamic process | 熱力學過程 |
A change in equilibrium state undergone by a quantity of matter or a system. 一定量的物質或系統所經歷的平衡狀態的變化。 |
| Gear wheel | 齒輪 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齒輪，特別是用于傳遞運動和動力的共軛齒的齒輪。 |
| Second (s) | 秒（s） |
The SI base unit of time equal to 9 192 631 770 times the period of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. SI基時間單位等于9192631770倍的輻射周期，對應于銫-133原子基態的兩個超精細能級之間的躍遷。 |
| Stretch ratio (extension ratio, λ) | 拉伸比（拉伸比，λ） |
A measure, used for highly-extensible materials such as rubber, of the extensional or normal strain of a component subjected to tension and defined as the ratio of the final length l, for a given load, to the initial or gauge length l0, where the coordinate axes are those of principal strain. It is related to the engineering strain e by λ = 1 + e. 用于高度可延展材料（如橡膠）的一種測量方法，用于測量受拉構件的拉伸或法向應變，定義為給定載荷下的最終長度l與初始或標距長度l0之比，其中坐標軸為主應變軸。它與工程應變e的關系為λ=1+e。 |
| Fastener manufacturer | 緊固件制造商 |
An organization that fabricates raw steel into a fastener meeting specified standards. 將生鋼加工成符合規定標準的緊固件的組織。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度試驗 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 與洛氏硬度測試相同，只是使用較小的次要載荷和主要載荷。 |
| Thermodynamics laws | 熱力學定律 |
The zeroth, first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics. 熱力學第零、第一、第二和第三定律。 |
| Radial engine | 徑向發動機 |
A piston engine in which the cylinders are arranged radially around the crankshaft, a design commonly used in early aircraft engines. 氣缸沿徑向圍繞曲軸布置的活塞式發動機，這種設計通常用于早期飛機發動機。 |
| Coefficient of cubic expansion | 立方膨脹系數 |
The fractional increase in volume per unit temperature rise. 每單位溫度升高的體積增加分數。 |
| Absolute rating | 絕對標稱值 |
A theoretical size designation which is an estimation of the largest particle, by length, that can pass through a filter with a specific 一個理論尺寸名稱，它是按長度估算的最大顆粒，它可以通過具有特定過濾器的過濾器 |
| Computational domain | 計算域 |
In CFD, FEM, and other numerical methods, the area or volume within which calculations are performed and on the periphery of which the boundary conditions are specified. 在CFD、FEM和其他數值方法中，執行計算的區域或體積以及在其外圍指定邊界條件的區域或體積。 |
| Rotary pump | 旋轉泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that pumps a liquid by rotation of internal components, such as a gear pump, lobe pump (similar to a Roots blower), or progressivecavity pump. 通過內部部件的旋轉來泵送液體的容積泵，如齒輪泵、凸輪泵（類似于羅茨鼓風機）或螺桿泵。 |
| Torsion | 扭矩 |
A twisting deformation of a solid body about an axis in which lines that were initially parallel to the axis become helices. The twisting of an object about an axis due to an applied couple (torque). 一種固體繞軸的扭轉變形，在該變形中，最初平行于軸的線變成螺旋線。由于施加的力偶（扭矩），物體繞軸扭曲。 |
| Abrasion | 磨損 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通過硬質顆粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂紙、研磨清潔、研磨加工），也可以是操作的結果（磨損）。 |
| Testing machine | 試驗機 |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向試件施加穩定或振蕩或沖擊載荷的機器。載荷可以是拉伸的、壓縮的、剪切的、彎曲的或扭轉的。 |
| Blanking shear test | 落料剪力試驗 |
A method used to determine the through-thickness shear strength of sheet material that involves blanking a disk out of flat strip using a simple punch-and-die method. Alson known as punching shear test. 一種用于確定板材全厚度剪切強度的方法，包括使用簡單的沖模方法從扁平帶材中沖裁出圓盤。也稱為沖切試驗。 |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 壓縮應力（單位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某點的每單位面積的壓縮載荷。 |
| Screw | 螺釘 |
Threaded fastener designed to be used in a tapped or untapped (e.g., wood screw) hole, but not with a nut. A fastener with a screw thread cut or rolled into its cylindrical or conical shank, intended either to cut its own thread (as in a wood screw) or engage in a threaded hole. A self-tapping screw (sheet-metal screw, tapping screw) has a sufficiently hard thread that it cuts an internal thread in thin sheet or a component made of soft material when driven into a hole in the sheet or component. The screw head is the part of a screw used to apply torque to the screw. Common screw-head designs are circular in cross section with a diametral slot or cross, or hexagonal and recessed with a cross or hexagon. A screw thread is one or more continuous helical grooves of uniform section along either the exterior surface (male thread) or the interior surface (female thread) of a cylindrical or conical body. The three-dimensional shape that results when the thread cross section is rotated and axially advanced along an axis is called a helicoid, the angle that the thread makes when projected on to the axis being called the angle of inclination. Threads are employed in fasteners such as bolts, nuts, and screws; location and measuring instruments; in power drives; in some electrical fittings (Edison thread); and on the ends of crankshafts to suppress oil leakage (thrower thread). Parallel threads are formed on cylinders; tapered threads on cones, typically with a taper rate of 1:16. A screw with a righthanded thread appears to move away from the observer when turned clockwise. All standard screws, bolts and nuts have right-hand threads, but left-handed threads are sometimes employed. The axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is called the screw pitch or screw rate and, for a single continuous helical groove (a single-start thread), is the same as the change in axial distance (the lead) between a nut and the head of a bolt during one revolution, the number of thread forms per mm then being the reciprocal of the pitch. For the same screw diameter, coarse threads have fewer threads per mm than fine threads. A multiple-start screw thread (usually coarse, see later) consists of two or more identical threads running simultaneously along its axis so as to provide greater bearing area and greater velocity ratio. The starts are separated by 180° (double start), 120° (triple start), 90° (quadruple start) etc., depending upon the number of threads. Thus, in double-start threads, the lead is twice the pitch; and so on. The axial distance between corresponding points on two adjacent threads in a multiple start thread is called the divided pitch. The position on a screw thread where there is equal distance between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads is the pitch point, the associated diameter of which is termed the pitch diameter. The basic nomenclature for threads, some of which is common with that for toothed gearing, is shown in the diagrams. A helix formed or cut on a cylindrical surface which may advance along the axis to the right or left. The helix may be single or multiple. 一種螺紋緊固件，設計用于攻絲或未攻絲（如木螺釘）孔，但不與螺母配合使用。其螺紋被切割或卷成圓柱形或錐形柄，用于切割自身螺紋（如木螺釘）或嵌入螺紋孔。自攻螺釘（鈑金螺釘、自攻螺釘）具有足夠硬的螺紋，當打入薄板或部件中的孔時，它會在薄板或軟材料部件中切割內螺紋。螺釘頭是螺釘的一部分，用于向螺釘施加扭矩。常見的螺釘頭設計為橫截面為圓形，帶有直徑槽或十字，或為六邊形，并帶有十字或六邊形凹槽。螺紋是沿圓柱形或錐形體的外表面（外螺紋）或內表面（內螺紋）具有均勻截面的一個或多個連續螺旋槽。當螺紋橫截面旋轉并沿軸軸向前進時產生的三維形狀稱為螺旋面，螺紋投影到軸上時形成的角度稱為傾角。螺紋用于緊固件，如螺栓、螺母和螺釘；定位和測量儀器；在動力驅動中；在一些電氣配件中（愛迪生螺紋）；并安裝在曲軸端部，以抑制漏油（拋擲器螺紋）。在圓柱體上形成平行螺紋；圓錐上的錐形螺紋，通常具有1:16的錐形率。當順時針旋轉時，具有右手螺紋的螺釘似乎會遠離觀察者。所有標準螺釘、螺栓和螺母都有右手螺紋，但有時使用左手螺紋。相鄰螺紋上對應點之間的軸向距離稱為螺距或螺紋率，對于單個連續螺旋槽（單個起始螺紋），與螺母和螺栓頭之間的軸向間距（導程）在一周內的變化相同，每mm的螺紋形式數為螺距的倒數。對于相同的螺釘直徑，粗螺紋的每毫米螺紋數少于細螺紋。多頭螺紋（通常為粗螺紋，見下文）由兩個或多個沿其軸線同時延伸的相同螺紋組成，以提供更大的承載面積和更大的速比。根據螺紋的數量，起點之間的間隔為180°（雙起點）、120°（三起點）、90°（四起點）等。因此，在雙起始螺紋中，導程是螺距的兩倍；多起點螺紋中兩個相鄰螺紋上對應點之間的軸向距離稱為分割螺距。螺紋上的位置，即螺紋實體部分的側面和螺紋之間的空間之間的距離相等，即節點，其相關直徑稱為節徑。圖中顯示了螺紋的基本術語，其中一些與齒輪傳動的基本術語相同。在圓柱面上形成或切割的螺旋線，可沿軸線向右或向左前進。螺旋可以是單個或多個。 |
| Stove bolt | 爐用螺栓 |
This bolt has been so named because of its use in stove building. It is made in a number of different forms, either with a round button, or flat countersunk head, the head having a slot for a screwdriver and the threaded end being provided with a square or hexagon nut. 這種螺栓因其在爐灶建筑中的用途而得名。它有多種不同的形式，有圓形按鈕或平沉頭，頭部有螺絲刀槽，螺紋端有方形或六角螺母。 |
| Sliding-vane compressor | 滑片壓縮機 |
(rotary-vane compressor, vane compressor) A rotary compressor in which gas is compressed as the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor reduce as the rotor revolves within a cylindrical housing. （旋轉葉片壓縮機，葉片壓縮機）一種旋轉式壓縮機，當轉子在圓柱形外殼內旋轉時，偏置轉子中的彈簧加載滑動葉片之間的空間減小，從而壓縮氣體。 |
| Valve spring | 氣門彈簧 |
The spring that restores a valve to its closed position after having been opened, and is also intended to prevent valve bounce. 在閥門打開后將其恢復到關閉位置的彈簧，也用于防止閥門反彈。 |
| Creep rupture strength (Unit Pa) | 蠕變斷裂強度（單位Pa） |
The fracture stress at the end of a creep test in metals and polymers, often plotted against time to give a stress-rupture curve. 金屬和聚合物蠕變試驗結束時的斷裂應力，通常與時間作圖以給出應力-斷裂曲線。 |
| Low-E coating | 低輻射涂層 |
(low-emittance coating) A thin metallic or metal-oxide coating on a glass sheet to absorb and reflect infrared radiation. The coating is applied either by a pyrolytic chemical vapour-deposition process (hard coat), or by sputtering (soft coat). （低輻射涂層）玻璃板上的薄金屬或金屬氧化物涂層，用于吸收和反射紅外輻射。通過熱解化學氣相沉積工藝（硬涂層）或濺射（軟涂層）施加涂層。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 當加載部件或結構的能量釋放率低于臨界值時，裂紋自行停止擴展。如果可以預測，可以將其納入結構完整性評估。 |
| Extra hard | 額外硬化 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about one-third of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 有色合金和一些鐵合金的回火，其特征是抗拉強度和硬度大約是從完全硬回火到額外彈簧回火的三分之一。 |
| Fluid mechanics | 流體力學 |
The study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or fluid statics where there is no relative motion between fluid particles. Fluid statics concerns primarily the variation of pressure with altitude or depth; it includes aerostatics and hydrostatics. Fluid dynamics includes the topics of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics and many aspects of acoustics, chemical engineering, flight, lubrication, meteorology, non-Newtonian fluid flow, oceanography, power-plant technology, propulsion, and turbomachinery. 研究運動中的流體（流體動力學）或流體靜力學，其中流體粒子之間沒有相對運動。流體靜力學主要關注壓力隨高度或深度的變化；它包括空氣靜力學和流體靜力學。流體動力學包括空氣動力學、氣體動力學、水力學、流體動力學以及聲學、化學工程、飛行、潤滑、氣象學、非牛頓流體流動、海洋學、發電廠技術、推進和渦輪機械的許多方面。 |
| Surface tension (σ, γ) (Unit N/m) | 表面張力（σ，γ）（單位：N/m） |
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液體和氣體或兩種不混溶液體之間的界面處，作用在界面處的液體分子上的不平衡內聚力導致表面張力的性質，從而導致張力的發展，就像皮膚或薄膜一樣。 |
| Clearance angle | 后角 |
(relief angle) (Unit °) The angle between the underneath or flank of a cutting tool and the machined surface. （后角）（單位°）切削刀具的底部或側面與加工表面之間的角度。 |
| Age softening | 時效軟化 |
Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys, especially those of aluminum. 某些應變硬化合金，尤其是鋁合金，在室溫下會發生強度和硬度的自發降低。 |
| Turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
Fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. The pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. As are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流體運動的特點是無序、旋轉（即旋渦）三維速度波動，覆蓋廣泛的頻率和長度尺度。壓力、溫度和其他流體特性也會波動，熱、質量和動量的擴散會大大增強。與層流和過渡流一樣，牛頓流體的湍流由Navier-Stokes方程控制，該方程原則上可以通過直接數值模擬（DNS）求解，在直接數值模擬中，波動運動的所有時間和長度尺度都可以求解。 |
| Ideal crack | 理想裂縫 |
A simplified model of a crack used in elastic-stress analysis. In a stress-free body, the crack has two smooth surfaces that are coincident and join within the body along a smooth curve called the crack front; in two-dimensional representations, the crack front is called the crack tip. 用于彈性應力分析的裂紋簡化模型。在無應力物體中，裂紋有兩個光滑表面，它們在物體內沿稱為裂紋前緣的平滑曲線重合并連接；在二維表示中，裂紋前緣稱為裂紋尖端。 |
| Cone pulley | 錐輪 |
A stepped pulley having several diameters which, when linked by a laterallymoveable transmission belt to a corresponding pulley, gives a series of speed ratios. 具有多種直徑的階梯式皮帶輪，當通過可橫向移動的傳動帶連接到相應的皮帶輪時，會產生一系列速比。 |
| Dead centre | 止點 |
The point at which, in a crank mechanism, the piston connecting rod and crank are all in line so that there can be no driving moment. 在曲柄機構中，活塞連桿和曲柄都在一條線上，因此不會有驅動力矩。 |
| Grain | 晶粒 |
1. An individual crystal in a polycrystalline solid. Most engineering materials such as metals and ceramics are used in polycrystalline form. 2. (gr) A non-SI unit of mass. The conversion to SI is 1 gr = 6.479 891 × 10?5?kg. 1.多晶固體中的單個晶體。大多數工程材料，如金屬和陶瓷，都以多晶形式使用。2.（gr）非國際單位制的質量單位。轉換為SI為1gr=6.479891×10-5kg。 |
| Water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
Cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通過含有磨料顆粒的高速水射流切割巖石等材料。 |
| Initial strain | 初始應變 |
The strain in a specimen immediately upon achieving the given loading conditions in a creep test (before creep occurs). Sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. 在蠕變試驗中（蠕變發生之前）達到給定載荷條件后，試樣立即產生的應變。有時稱為瞬時應變。 |
| Zero-gravity | 零重力 |
The situation in which there is no force of gravity (i.e. weightlessness). 沒有重力的情況（即失重）。 |
| Absolute temperature (Unit K) | 絕對溫度（單位K） |
A temperature T measured relative to absolute zero, 0 K or ?273.15°C, the lowest temperature achievable at which molecular motion vanishes so that a body would have zero heat energy. The kelvin is equal in magnitude to the degree Celsius (°C). The kelvin temperature scale (kelvin absolute temperature scale) is an absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale derived from the Celsius scale: T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15. The Rankine absolute scale is derived from the Fahrenheit scale such that T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67, i.e. a scale relative to 0 R or ?459.67°F where R is the Rankine degree symbol and °F is the Fahrenheit symbol. 相對于絕對零、0K或0K測量的溫度T?273.15°C，分子運動消失的最低溫度，因此物體的熱能為零。開爾文的大小等于攝氏度（℃）。開爾文溫度標度（開爾文絕對溫度標度）是從攝氏標度得出的絕對或熱力學溫度標度：T（K）=T（°C）+273.15。蘭金絕對標度是從華氏標度得出，使得T（R）=T（°F）+459.67，即相對于0R或0R的標度?459.67°F，其中R是朗肯度符號，°F是華氏度符號。 |
| Quench aging | 淬火時效 |
Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat treatment. 固溶熱處理后快速冷卻引起的時效。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過硬度測試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時間。（單位Pa或，非國際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過壓頭測量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 鋼或鑄鐵中的游離碳。 |
| Thermal reactor | 熱反應器 |
An enlarged exhaust manifold bolted directly to the cylinder head of a piston engine, in which the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas is enhanced. 一種擴大的排氣歧管，直接用螺栓固定在活塞式發動機的氣缸蓋上，其中一氧化碳和未燃燒碳氫化合物的氧化作用增強。 |
| Scatter | 分散 |
Data points or calculations are said to be scattered when they are not all the same. A ‘‘lot of scatter in preload’’ means wide variation in the preloads found in individual bolts. 當數據點或計算不盡相同時，它們被稱為分散的。“預載的大量分散”意味著單個螺栓中的預載差異很大。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中負荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的區域上的部件上的載荷，理想化為楔形或刀刃的線載荷和錐體的點載荷。 |
| Mechanical efficiency (η) | 機械效率（η） |
1. In general for a machine, the ratio of output work to input work. 2. For a compressor, the ratio of indicated power to shaft power; for a reciprocating engine or an expander, the ratio of shaft power to indicated power. 1.一般而言，機器的輸出功與輸入功之比。2.對于壓縮機，指示功率與軸功率之比；對于往復式發動機或膨脹機，軸功率與指示功率之比。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度測試 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度測試，用于使用從滑石（最軟）到鉆石（最硬）的10種標準礦物測定比較硬度。 |
| Freezing range | 凍融范圍 |
That temperature range between liquidus and solidus temperatures in which molten and solid constituents coexist. 熔融和固體成分共存的液相線和固相線溫度之間的溫度范圍。 |
| Belt drive | 帶傳動 |
Transmission of motion from one shaft to another by means of a continuous plain, or toothed, flexible band (belt) passing over pulleys. In contrast to chain drives, belt drives tend to be employed in low-torque applications. Reduction in transmissible power may occur due to stretch of a plain transmission belt which results in slack in the drive (belt creep) or slip of a belt on a driving or driven pulley (belt slip). 通過穿過滑輪的連續平帶或帶齒柔性帶（帶）將運動從一根軸傳遞到另一根軸。與鏈條傳動相比，皮帶傳動往往用于低扭矩應用。由于普通傳動帶的拉伸可能會導致傳動松弛（皮帶蠕變）或主動或從動皮帶輪上的皮帶打滑（皮帶打滑），從而導致傳動功率降低。 |
| Car furnace | 車爐 |
A batch-type furnace using a car on rails to enter and leave the furnace area. Car furnaces are used for lower stress relieving ranges. 一種間歇式爐，使用軌道上的小車進出爐區。汽車爐用于較低的應力消除范圍。 |
| Flattening test | 壓扁試驗 |
This term as applied to tubing refers to a method of testing a section of tubing by flattening it until the inside walls are parallel and separated by a given distanceusually equal to three times the wall thickness for seamless tubes and five times the wall thickness for lap-welded tubes. Boiler tubes subjected to this test should show no cracks or flaws. The flattening test applied to rivets, consists in flattening a rivet head while hot to a diameter equal to 21?2 times the diameter of the shank or body of the rivet. Good rivet steel must not crack at the edges of the flattened head. 該術語適用于管材，是指通過壓扁管材直至內壁平行并隔開給定距離（通常等于無縫鋼管壁厚的三倍，搭接焊管壁厚的五倍）來測試管材截面的方法。進行該試驗的鍋爐管應無裂紋或缺陷。適用于鉚釘的壓扁試驗包括在熱態下壓扁鉚釘頭，使其直徑等于鉚釘柄或鉚釘體直徑的21?2倍。良好的鉚釘鋼不得在扁平頭部邊緣開裂。 |
| Pressure chamber | 壓力室 |
A chamber in which components or devices can be subjected to high or low fluid (liquid or gas) pressure. 部件或裝置可承受高或低流體（液體或氣體）壓力的腔室。 |
| Radiation pressure (Unit μPa) | 輻射壓力（單位：μPa） |
The pressure exerted on a surface exposed to any form of electromagnetic radiation. If the radiation is absorbed, it is equal to the power-flux density divided by the speed of light. 施加在暴露于任何形式電磁輻射的表面上的壓力。如果輻射被吸收，它等于功率通量密度除以光速。 |
| Steady loads | 穩定負載 |
Loads that do not change in intensity or that change so slowly they may be regarded as steady. 強度不變或變化緩慢的荷載可視為穩定荷載。 |
| Ablative materials | 燒蝕材料 |
Materials, especially coating materials, designed to provide thermal protection to a body in a fluid stream through the loss of mass. 材料，尤其是涂層材料，旨在通過質量損失為流體流中的物體提供熱保護。 |
| Relaxation | 松弛 |
The loss of tension, and therefore Clamping force, in a bolt and joint as a result of Embedment, vibration loosening, gasket creep, differential thermal expansion, etc. 由于嵌入、振動松動、墊圈蠕變、熱膨脹差等原因，螺栓和接頭中的張力損失，因此夾緊力損失。 |
| Washer | 墊圈 |
An annular disc of metal, rubber, plastic, ceramic, etc., placed between two surfaces in contact either to spread the load (for example, between a surface and a tightened nut or a bolt head), to provide a seal, or to separate or align components. 由金屬、橡膠、塑料、陶瓷等制成的環形圓盤，放置在兩個接觸面之間，以分散載荷（例如，在一個表面和擰緊的螺母或螺栓頭之間），提供密封，或分離或對齊部件。 |
| Pressure (p) (Unit Pa) | 壓力（p）（單位Pa） |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressive force exerted by the fluid per unit area. The pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface acts normal to the surface. 在熱力學和流體力學中，每單位面積流體施加的壓縮力。流體施加在表面上的壓力垂直于表面。 |
| Torsion spring | 扭簧 |
1. A spring in the form of a torsion bar. 2. A helical spring to which torque can be applied at the ends. 1.一種扭桿形式的彈簧。2.一種螺旋彈簧，其端部可施加扭矩。 |
| Mole (mol) | 摩爾（mol） |
The base unit of the amount of substance in the SI system. It was previously defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined as the amount of substance containing exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023?elementary entities. SI國際單位制中物質量的基本單位。此前，它被定義為一個系統中的物質量，該系統包含的基本實體數量與0.012千克碳-12中的原子數量相同。從2019年5月20日起，它已被定義為包含6.02214076×1023個基本實體的物質量。 |
| AISC | AISC |
The American Institute of Steel Construction. 美國鋼結構學會。 |
| Longitudinal direction | 縱向 |
The principal direction of flow in a worked metal. See also normal direction and transverse direction. 加工金屬中的主要流動方向。另請參見法向和橫向。 |
| Cementite | 滲碳體 |
A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of manganese and other carbide-forming elements. 碳化鐵一種鐵和碳的化合物，化學上稱為碳化鐵，化學式近似為Fe3C。其特征在于正交晶體結構。當它在鋼中以相形式出現時，錳和其他碳化物形成元素的存在將改變其化學成分。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一個通用術語，表示一種處理，包括加熱并保持在合適的溫度，然后以合適的速率冷卻，主要用于軟化金屬材料，但也同時產生其他性能或微觀結構的所需變化。 |
| Uniform strain | 均勻應變 |
The strain occurring prior to the beginning of localization of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the tension test. 在應變局部化（頸縮）開始之前發生的應變；拉伸試驗中最大載荷的應變。 |
| Minimum stress (Smin) | 最小應力（Smin） |
In fatigue, the stress having the lowest algebraic value in the cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. 在疲勞中，循環中代數值最低的應力，拉應力被視為正應力，壓應力為負應力。 |
| Nanotechnology | 納米技術 |
The science and engineering of materials that have been structured on length scales of 1–100 nm, resulting in modified physical properties owing to changes in the ratio of surface area to volume (atoms on surfaces having different symmetry from those in the bulk) and because many of the fundamental physical processes that underpin the properties of materials have a characteristic length scale of a few nm, so that alteration of microstructure at the nm level alters the bulk properties. 材料科學與工程，其結構長度為1-100nm，由于表面積與體積之比的變化（表面上的原子與體中的原子具有不同的對稱性），并且支撐材料性質的許多基本物理過程具有幾納米的特征長度尺度，因此改變納米級微觀結構會改變體性質。 |
| Clearance hole | 間隙孔 |
A hole of specified size such that a bolt, stud, etc. of the same nominal size will always pass through. 指定尺寸的孔，使相同標稱尺寸的螺栓、螺柱等可以通過。 |
| Contact strength (Unit N) | 接觸強度（單位N） |
The maximum allowable load between contacting bodies converted into a stress. 換算成應力的接觸體之間的最大允許載荷。 |
| Transmission | 傳輸 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 從動力源傳輸功率和扭矩的系統；例如軸、皮帶和滑輪或齒輪系。對于機動車輛，包括變速箱、離合器、傳動軸、差速器和終傳動軸。 |
| Half hard | 半硬化回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength about mid-way between that of dead soft and full hard tempers. 非鐵合金和某些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點是抗拉強度介于完全軟回火和完全硬回火之間。 |
| Abrasive wear | 磨料磨損 |
The removal or displacement of material from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. The particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn. Contrast with adhesive wear. 當硬質顆粒在壓力下在表面上滑動或滾動時，材料從表面上的去除或位移。顆粒可能是松散的或可能是與被磨損表面接觸的另一個表面的一部分。與粘著磨損形成對比。 |
| Annealing carbon | 退火碳 |
Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. Also called temper carbon. 白口鑄鐵和某些鋼在長時間退火過程中形成的細小、明顯的無定形碳顆粒。也稱為回火碳。 |
| Erosion | 侵蝕 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固體表面與流體、多組分流體或撞擊液體或固體顆粒之間的機械相互作用，原始材料從固體表面逐漸損失。 |
| Die screw | 模具螺絲 |
Tool used when threading cylindrical pieces beyond the capacity of a die plate. 對超出模板容量的圓柱件進行螺紋加工時使用的工具。 |
| Scratch hardness | 劃痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material, such as a metal, alloy, plastic, or mineral, to scratching by a much harder indenter, such as a diamond stylus, moved slowly across the surface. The scratch hardness number is computed from the loads and the dimensions of the residual scratch. 一種材料（如金屬、合金、塑料或礦物）對更硬的壓頭（如金剛石觸針）劃傷的抵抗力，在表面上緩慢移動。根據載荷和殘余劃痕的尺寸計算劃痕硬度值。 |
| Calorizing | 熱化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通過在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加熱鋁粉，賦予鐵或鋼表面抗氧化性。 |
| Nanoparticles | 納米顆粒 |
Particles with dimensions of order 1 nm which have either been introduced into microstructures for reinforcement or are present as impurities. 尺寸為1nm級的顆粒，其已被引入微結構中用于增強或作為雜質存在。 |
| Absolute stability | 絕對穩定 |
Condtion of a linear system in which there exists a limiting value of the open-loop gain such that the system is stable for all lower values of that gain, and unstable for all higher values. 線性系統的條件，其中存在開環增益的限制值，使得系統對于該增益的所有較低值都是穩定的，而對于所有較高值來說都是不穩定的。 |
| Rotary blower | 旋轉鼓風機 |
(rotary compressor) A positive-displacement gas compressor which may be of the blade type, helical-screw type, meshing-lobe type (the Roots blower), or sliding-vane type. （旋轉式壓縮機）一種容積式氣體壓縮機，可以是葉片式、螺旋式、嚙合凸角式（羅茨鼓風機）或滑動葉片式。 |
| Single thread | 單頭螺紋 |
A screw thread cut around a cylinder having a single start in which the lead is equal to the pitch. 一種螺紋，在一個圓柱體上切割而成，具有一個單一的起點，在這個起點上，導程等于螺距。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的桿，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如電鉆。 |
| Bearing test | 軸承測試 |
A method of determining the response to stress (load) of metal products that are subjected to riveting, bolting, or a similar fastening procedure. The purpose of the test is to determine the bearing strength of the material and to measure the bearing stress versus the deformation of the hole created by a pin or rod of circular cross section that pierces the sheet perpendicular to the surface. 一種確定經受鉚接、螺栓連接或類似緊固程序的金屬產品對應力（載荷）的響應的方法。測試的目的是確定材料的承載強度，并測量承載應力與由垂直于表面刺穿板材的圓形橫截面的銷或桿產生的孔的變形。 |
| Direct quenching | 直接淬火 |
(1) Quenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing operation. (2) Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts directly from the malleablizing operation. （1） 直接從滲碳作業中淬火滲碳零件。（2） 也用于直接從可鍛操作淬火珠光體可鍛零件。 |
| Fit | 裝配 |
The general term used to signify the range of tightness which may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating parts. 通用術語，用于表示配合零件設計中公差和公差的特定組合可能導致的緊密性范圍。 |
| Ausforming | 形變熱處理 |
Thermomechanical treatment of steel in the metastable austenitic condition below the recrystallization temperature followed by quenching to obtain martensite and/or bainite. 在低于再結晶溫度的亞穩態奧氏體條件下對鋼進行熱機械處理，然后淬火以獲得馬氏體和/或貝氏體。 |
| Swept volume (Unit m3) | 掃描體（單位m3) |
In the cylinder of a piston engine or other device, the volume between top and bottom dead centre positions of a piston; equal to πR2S where R is the piston radius and S is the stroke. 在活塞發動機或其他裝置的氣缸中，活塞上止點和下止點位置之間的體積；等于πR2S，其中R是活塞半徑，S是沖程。 |
| Hot quenching | 熱淬火 |
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which a quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 70 °C (160 °F) 一個不精確的術語，用于涵蓋各種淬火程序，其中淬火介質規定溫度保持在70°C（160°F）以上。 |
| Fastener standard | 緊固件標準 |
A document which details the attributes of a finished fastener and includes such characteristics as geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, testing lot size, and packaging. 詳細說明緊固件屬性的文件，包括幾何形狀、材料或化學、熱處理、表面處理、測試批量和包裝等特性。 |
| Sample variance (s2) | 樣本方差（s2） |
The sum of the squares of the differences between each observed value and the sample average divided by the sample size minus one. It is a point estimate of the population variance. 每個觀測值與樣本平均值之差的平方和除以樣本大小減1。它是總體方差的點估計。 |
| Zero time | 零時 |
The time when the given loading or constraint conditions are initially obtained in creep or stressrelaxation tests, respectively. 分別在蠕變或應力松弛試驗中初始獲得給定載荷或約束條件的時間。 |
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